Cutaneous leishmaniasis in protected environmental areas in the Eastern Amazon: the case of São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a disease transmitted to men and animals by infected female phlebotomine sandflies and is considered a great environmental and public health problem in the Amazon region. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of this disease in São Félix do Xingu, in the state of Pará, Brazil, and its relationship with epidemiological and environmental variables, in the period from 2012 to 2016. METHODOLOGY: The data used were from the Information System of the Pará State Secretariat of Health, the National Institute for Space Research and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The statistical and spatial analysis of the variables were done using non-parametric chi-square statistical test, kernel interpolation technique and the Bivariate Global Moran Index. RESULTS: The municipality had 183 confirmed cases, non-homogeneously distributed in 5 administrative districts. The individuals most affected were adult males with brown skin, an elementary level of education and rural area residents. In the case series, a direct relationship was observed between the increase of the number of cases and deforestation in the study area. The spatial analysis showed different types of land use and cover related to case clusters in the municipality. Additionally, there was a presence of cases in protected areas and a great epidemiological silence in indigenous lands. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, this disease is a large and complex public health problem in the municipality, related to social and environmental risk factors.

The socio-environmental production of malaria in three municipalities in the Carajás region, Pará, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the environmental production of malaria in the municipalities of Marabá, Parauapebas, and Canaã dos Carajás, in Pará, from 2014 to 2018. METHODS: This ecological, cross-sectional study used epidemiological data in the Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária (Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System) from the Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará (State of Pará Health Department), cartographic data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and environmental data in the Projeto TerraClass (TerraClass Project) from the National Institute of Space Research (INPE). Statistical analyses used the chi-square test, while the spatial ones, the kernel and Moran's (I) global bivariate techniques. RESULTS: We analyzed a total of 437 confirmed cases of malaria in the selected area and period. The highest percentage of cases occurred among male miners and farmers, living in rural areas; Plasmodium vivax was the most frequent species; and the most used diagnosis, the thick drop/smear. We also observed a heterogeneous distribution of the disease - with evidence of spatial dependence between incidence areas and different forms of land use, and spatial autocorrelations related to the high variability of anthropic activities in the municipalities. CONCLUSION: The environmental production of malaria relates mainly to cattle production and mining - anthropisms related to land use and occupation in the observed municipalities. Spatial data analysis technologies sufficed for the construction of the epidemiological scenario of the disease.

Spatial distribution of human visceral leishmaniasis cases in Cametá, Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Human visceral leishmaniasis is considered a major public health problem in the municipality of Cametá, Pará, Brazil. METHODS: This ecological study was conducted using data obtained from official Brazilian agencies. Spatial analysis of the variables was performed using the kernel interpolation technique and the bivariate Global Moran's Index. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of the disease was not homogeneous, and it was associated with socio-environmental risk factors and public policies. CONCLUSIONS: Different relationships were observed between the variables studied and disease occurrence.

The socio-environmental production of malaria in three municipalities in the Carajás region, Pará, Brazil / A produção socioambiental da malária em três municípios da região de Carajás, Pará, Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the environmental production of malaria in the municipalities of Marabá, Parauapebas, and Canaã dos Carajás, in Pará, from 2014 to 2018. METHODS This ecological, cross-sectional study used epidemiological data in the Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária (Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System) from the Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará (State of Pará Health Department), cartographic data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and environmental data in the Projeto TerraClass (TerraClass Project) from the National Institute of Space Research (INPE). Statistical analyses used the chi-square test, while the spatial ones, the kernel and Moran's (I) global bivariate techniques. RESULTS We analyzed a total of 437 confirmed cases of malaria in the selected area and period. The highest percentage of cases occurred among male miners and farmers, living in rural areas; Plasmodium vivax was the most frequent species; and the most used diagnosis, the thick drop/smear. We also observed a heterogeneous distribution of the disease — with evidence of spatial dependence between incidence areas and different forms of land use, and spatial autocorrelations related to the high variability of anthropic activities in the municipalities. CONCLUSION The environmental production of malaria relates mainly to cattle production and mining — anthropisms related to land use and occupation in the observed municipalities. Spatial data analysis technologies sufficed for the construction of the epidemiological scenario of the disease.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a produção ambiental da malária nos municípios de Marabá, Parauapebas e Canaã dos Carajás, no Pará, entre 2014 e 2018. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico e transversal a partir de dados epidemiológicos do Sistema de Informações de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária, da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Pará. Foram utilizados também dados cartográficos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e ambientais do projeto TerraClass, do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE). As análises estatísticas utilizaram o cálculo de percentuais e o teste qui-quadrado e as espaciais as técnicas de Kernel e de Moran global bivariado (I). RESULTADOS Foram analisados 437 casos confirmados de malária, na área e periodo de estudo. O maior percentual de casos ocorreu em indivíduos do sexo masculino, adultos, morador da zona rural, com atividades de garimpagem e agropecuária, sendo o Plasmodium vivax a espécie de maior frequência e o diagnóstico mais utilizado a gota espessa/esfregaço. A distribuição da malária não ocorreu de forma homogênea, com evidências de dependência espacial entre áreas com ocorrência de casos e diferentes tipos de uso da terra. Foram observadas também autocorrelações espaciais relacionadas à alta variabilidade dos tipos antropismos, ocorrida nos municípios. CONCLUSÃO A produção ambiental da malária está associada principalmente à pastagem e à mineração, antropismos relacionados às formas de uso e ocupação da terra nos municípios estudados. As tecnologias de análises de dados espaciais em saúde foram satisfatórias para a construção do cenário epidemiológico da doença.

Spatial distribution of human visceral leishmaniasis cases in Cametá, Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Human visceral leishmaniasis is considered a major public health problem in the municipality of Cametá, Pará, Brazil. METHODS: This ecological study was conducted using data obtained from official Brazilian agencies. Spatial analysis of the variables was performed using the kernel interpolation technique and the bivariate Global Moran's Index. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of the disease was not homogeneous, and it was associated with socio-environmental risk factors and public policies. CONCLUSIONS: Different relationships were observed between the variables studied and disease occurrence.

Hepatites B e C nas áreas de três Centros Regionais de Saúde do Estado do Pará, Brasil: uma análise espacial, epidemiológica e socioeconômica / Hepatitis B and C in the areas of three Regional Health Centers of Pará State, Brazil: a spatial, epidemiological and socioeconomic analysis

Resumo Introdução As hepatites virais são graves problemas de saúde pública e estão relacionadas às diferentes características socioeconômicas do território brasileiro. Objetivo Analisar a distribuição espacial das hepatites B e C e sua relação com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) nas áreas de três Centros Regionais de Saúde (CRS), no Estado do Pará, Brasil, de 2010 a 2014. Método Neste trabalho descritivo e transversal, foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, do Ministério da Saúde, e do Censo 2010, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados As análises mostraram que o 11º CRS notificou o maior número de casos (60,9%). Os indivíduos mais acometidos por ambas as doenças foram do gênero feminino, pardos, adultos e com ensino fundamental. Os fatores de riscos mais significativos foram uso de medicamentos injetáveis e tratamentos dentário e cirúrgico. Foi observada dependência espacial entre o IDHM e os parâmetros da taxa de incidência das doenças, com autocorrelações diretas e indiretas. Assim, áreas com IDHM médio e baixo apresentaram altas taxas de incidência, sobretudo em municípios com intenso fluxo migratório, nas últimas décadas. Conclusão As análises foram eficazes para construir cenários epidemiológicos das doenças. Ressaltamos a necessidade de expandir o controle das hepatites nas áreas estudadas.

Abstract Background Viral hepatitis is a serious public health problem and is related to the different socioeconomic characteristics of the Brazilian territory. Objective To analyze the spatial distribution of the hepatitis B and C and their relationship with the Municipal Human Development Index (IDHM), in the areas of three Regional Health Centers (CRS), in the state of Pará, Brazil, from 2010 to 2014. Method In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases of the Ministry of Health and the 2010 Census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. Results The analyses showed that the 11th CRS reported the greater number of cases (60.9%). The most affected individuals by both diseases were female, brown skin color, adults and elementary school degree. The most significant risk factors were injecting drugs use, dental and surgical treatments. It was observed spatial dependence between the IDHM and the diseases incidence rate parameters, with direct and indirect autocorrelations. Thus, areas with medium and low IDHM showed high incidence rates, especially in municipalities with intense migratory flows, in the last decades. Conclusion The analyses were effective for construct epidemiological scenarios of the diseases. The need to expand the control of hepatitis in the studied areas is highlighted.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Spatial distribution and environmental risk factors in the state of Pará, Brazilian Eastern Amazon.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and is considered a great environmental and public health problem. Thus, this work presents initial results of the analyses about the relationship between the spatial distribution of this disease and its environmental risk factors in three municipalities, in the state of Pará, Brazil, from 2012 to 2016. METHODOLOGY: It was used data from the Ministry of Health, the National Institute for Space Research and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The statistical and spacial analysis of the variables were done using G-test goodness-of-fit, kernel interpolation technique and the Bivariate Global Moran Index (I). RESULTS: The analyses showed that the most affected individuals were males, adults, low schooling, residents in rural areas and small farmers. The disease spatial distribution was not homogeneous in the municipalities and it was associated to different relationships between the land use and occupation and the notificated cases density, with direct spatial autocorrelation. CONCLUSIONS: The deforestation was the most significant risk factor linked to the cases occurrence in all the studied area. We emphasize the need of intensification of epidemiological and environmental surveillance actions in the studied areas.

Distribuição territorial dos profissionais fisioterapeutas no Brasil / Distribución territorial de los fisioterapeutas en Brasil / Geographical distribution of physiotherapists in Brazil

RESUMO Um dos principais problemas mundiais no setor da saúde está na desigualdade da distribuição de profissionais da área entre as capitais e o interior. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda políticas de recrutamento e fixação desses profissionais para facilitar o acesso à saúde para essas populações. Estudos relativos à distribuição territorial do profissional fisioterapeuta ainda são pouco conhecidos. Neste estudo analisou-se a correlação espacial e a disponibilidade de profissionais fisioterapeutas no Brasil por população residente. Constitui-se em um estudo quantitativo, analítico e de caráter descritivo, feito por meio de análise dos dados secundários referentes ao número de profissionais fisioterapeutas com inscrição definitiva, por regiões do Brasil, disponibilizados pelos 16 Conselhos Regionais de Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional no período compreendidos entre maio a setembro de 2016; a partir de bases de dados do Censo 2010 do IBGE e de coordenadas geográficas no sistema virtual Google Maps. As análises espaciais foram realizadas por meio de georreferenciamento, a partir de um Banco de Dados de Geoprocessamento, e para a produção dos mapas temáticos utilizou-se o software ARCGIS 10.5. Foi verificada uma densidade muito alta de fisioterapeutas na região Sudeste e uma ausência desses profissionais em grande área da região Norte, com influência do desenvolvimento econômico na distribuição desses profissionais entre as regiões. Concluiu-se que nas pequenas cidades, principalmente no interior da região Norte, não há um quantitativo de profissionais fisioterapeutas conforme o recomendado, e nas regiões onde há um maior desenvolvimento econômico ocorre um maior número de profissionais disponíveis para o mercado de trabalho.

RESUMEN Uno de los principales problemas mundiales en el sector de la salud está en la distribución desigual de profesionales del área entre las capitales y el interior. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda políticas de reclutamiento y fijación de estos profesionales para facilitar el acceso a la salud para esas poblaciones. Los estudios relativos a la distribución territorial de los fisioterapeutas todavía son poco conocidos. En este estudio se analizó la correlación espacial y la disponibilidad de profesionales fisioterapeutas en Brasil por población residente. Se constituye en un estudio cuantitativo, analítico y de carácter descriptivo, hecho a través de análisis de los datos secundarios referentes al número de fisioterapeutas con inscripción definitiva, por regiones de Brasil, puestos a disposición por los 16 Consejos Regionales de Fisioterapia y Terapia Ocupacional en el período de mayo a septiembre de 2016, a partir de las bases de datos del Censo 2010 del IBGE y de las coordenadas geográficas en el sistema virtual Google Maps. Los análisis espaciales se realizaron por medio de georreferenciación, a partir de un Banco de Datos de Geoprocesamiento, y para la producción de los mapas temáticos se utilizó el software ARCGIS 10.5. Se verificó una densidad muy alta de fisioterapeutas en la región Sudeste y una ausencia en gran área de la región Norte, con influencia del desarrollo económico en la distribución de estos profesionales entre las regiones. Se concluyó que en las pequeñas ciudades, principalmente en el interior de la región Norte, no hay un cuantitativo de profesionales fisioterapeutas según lo recomendado, y en las regiones donde hay mayor desarrollo económico, el número de profesionales disponibles para el mercado de trabajo también es mayor.

ABSTRACT One of the main global problems in the health field is the inequality of the distribution of health professionals between capitals and inland cities. The World Health Organization recommends recruitment and placement policies to make the access to health easier for these populations. Studies concerning the distribution of physiotherapists are still little known. This study analyzed the spatial correlation and the availability of physiotherapists in Brazil by resident population. It is a quantitative, analytical and descriptive study made through analysis of secondary data referring to the number of physiotherapists with definitive enrollment, by region, made available by the 16 Regional Councils of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy between May and September 2016, from databases of the 2010 IBGE Census and of the geographic coordinates in the Google Maps virtual system. Spatial analyzes were carried out through georeferencing, from a Geoprocessing Database, and ARCGIS 10.5 software was used to produce thematic maps. It was observed very high density of physiotherapists in the Southeast region and a large area of lack of these professionals in the North region, with influence of the economic development in the distribution of these professionals between those regions. The study concluded that in small cities, mainly in the inland parts of the North, there is not enough physiotherapists as recommended, and in regions with a greater economic development there are more professionals available for the job market.